Static Files

Volten provides built-in, high-performance static file serving via app.static().

There is no need to install external packages or configure complex middleware. Volten handles file serving directly with:

• Stream piping with socket backpressure management.
• Built-in Directory Traversal Protection to prevent path breakout attacks.
• Automatic ETag Generation and conditional HTTP caching (304 Not Modified).
• Comprehensive MIME Type Mapping for modern web assets.
• Programmatic File Serving & Downloads via ctx.sendFile() and ctx.download().

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Quick Start: app.static

To serve assets such as images, stylesheets, scripts, and fonts from a directory:

import { App } from "volten";

const app = new App();

// Serve files from the 'public' directory
app.static("public");

app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log("Server listening on http://localhost:3000");
});

Given the following project folder structure:

my-app/
├── public/
│   ├── css/
│   │   └── style.css
│   ├── images/
│   │   └── logo.png
│   └── index.html
└── server.ts

Your files are immediately accessible over HTTP:

• http://localhost:3000/index.html
• http://localhost:3000/css/style.css
• http://localhost:3000/images/logo.png

Path Resolution

app.static() checks for both absolute paths and paths relative to the current working directory (./folderPath). If the directory does not exist on startup, an error is thrown immediately.

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How Static Routing Works

In Volten, routing is handled in order of specificity:

1. Explicit Routes First: Dynamic and static routes defined with app.get(), app.post(), etc., are checked against the internal Route Tree.
2. Static File Fallback: If no registered route matches the incoming path and app.static() is configured, Volten attempts to locate and stream the corresponding file from the static folder.
3. 404 / 405 Handling: If the file does not exist, or the path escapes the static directory, Volten invokes the error handling pipeline with a NotFoundError.

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Security & Path Traversal Protection

Serving static files requires rigorous validation to prevent malicious path traversal exploits (e.g. requests targeting /../../etc/passwd or /..%2f..%2f.env).

Volten includes a built-in security layer (isFileInFolder):

• Resolves the canonical physical paths of both the target folder and the requested file using fs.realpath().
• Verifies that the resolved file path strictly resides within the configured root folder boundary.
• Automatically rejects any traversal attempt by returning a 404 Not Found without disclosing filesystem structure.

# Traversal attempts are blocked securely:
curl http://localhost:3000/../../secret.txt
# => 404 Not Found

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HTTP Caching & 304 Not Modified

To minimize bandwidth usage and latency, Volten automatically generates and validates HTTP cache headers for all static files.

ETag Calculation

Volten automatically computes a weak ETag based on the file size and the last modification timestamp (mtime):

ETag: W/"1a4c-18f4a9b2c10"
Last-Modified: Wed, 09 Sep 2026 20:00:00 GMT

Conditional Requests

When a browser or CDN makes a conditional request with:

• If-None-Match: W/"..." matching the current ETag, or
• If-Modified-Since timestamp matching or newer than the file's modification time

Volten immediately sends an empty 304 Not Modified response, bypassing disk reads and saving bandwidth.

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Automatic MIME Type Detection

Volten includes a built-in dictionary supporting more than 50 common file extensions without relying on external MIME databases:

• Web & Logic: .html, .htm, .js, .mjs, .css, .json, .jsonld, .xml, .txt, .wasm
• Images: .png, .jpg, .jpeg, .gif, .webp, .avif, .svg, .ico, .bmp, .tiff
• Fonts: .woff, .woff2, .ttf, .otf, .eot
• Audio & Video: .mp4, .webm, .ogv, .mov, .mp3, .wav, .flac, .ogg, .m4a, .aac
• Documents & Archives: .pdf, .zip, .tar, .gz, .csv, .docx, .xlsx

Any unrecognized extension defaults to application/octet-stream.

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Programmatic File Serving: ctx.sendFile

Beyond app.static(), you can serve files programmatically from any route handler using ctx.sendFile():

import path from "node:path";

app.get("/reports/:id", async (ctx) => {
  const reportId = ctx.params.id;
  const filePath = path.resolve(`./reports/${reportId}.pdf`);

  // Sends the file with automatic MIME detection, ETags, and streaming
  await ctx.sendFile(filePath);
});

Options

await ctx.sendFile(filePath, 200, {
  // Optional callback for stream or lookup errors
  errCallback: (err, ctx) => {
    console.error("File delivery error:", err);
  },
});

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Triggering Browser Downloads: ctx.download

If you want the browser to prompt a "Save As" file download dialog instead of displaying the file inline, use ctx.download():

app.get("/export/data", async (ctx) => {
  const exportPath = "./storage/exports/export-2026.csv";

  // Serves the file with Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="..."
  await ctx.download(exportPath, "annual-report.csv");
});

Volten properly formats the Content-Disposition header with RFC 5987 / UTF-8 encoding support (filename*=UTF-8''...), ensuring non-ASCII filenames display accurately across all modern browsers.